Today, there is a wide partisan divide: seven in ten Democrats are optimistic about the direction of the state, while 91 percent of Republicans and 59 percent of independents are pessimistic. Californians are much more pessimistic about the direction of the country than they are about the direction of the state. Majorities across all demographic groups and partisan groups, as well as across regions, are pessimistic about the direction of the United States. A wide partisan divide exists: most Democrats and independents say their financial situation is about the same as a year ago, while solid majorities of Republicans say they are worse off.

Regionally, about half in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles say they are about the same, while half in the Central Valley say they are worse off; residents elsewhere are divided between being worse off and the same. The shares saying they are worse off decline as educational attainment increases. Strong majorities across partisan groups feel negatively, but Republicans and independents are much more likely than Democrats to say the economy is in poor shape.

Today, majorities across partisan, demographic, and regional groups say they are following news about the gubernatorial election either very or fairly closely. In the upcoming November 8 election, there will be seven state propositions for voters. Due to time constraints, our survey only asked about three ballot measures: Propositions 26, 27, and For each, we read the proposition number, ballot, and ballot label.

Two of the state ballot measures were also included in the September survey Propositions 27 and 30 , while Proposition 26 was not.

This measure would allow in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, requiring that racetracks and casinos offering sports betting make certain payments to the state to support state regulatory costs. It also allows roulette and dice games at tribal casinos and adds a new way to enforce certain state gambling laws.

Fewer than half of likely voters say the outcome of each of these state propositions is very important to them. Today, 21 percent of likely voters say the outcome of Prop 26 is very important, 31 percent say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important, and 42 percent say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important. Today, when it comes to the importance of the outcome of Prop 26, one in four or fewer across partisan groups say it is very important to them.

About one in three across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important to them. Fewer than half across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important to them.

When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate.

Democratic candidates are preferred by a point margin in Democratic-held districts, while Republican candidates are preferred by a point margin in Republican-held districts. Abortion is another prominent issue in this election. When asked about the importance of abortion rights, 61 percent of likely voters say the issue is very important in determining their vote for Congress and another 20 percent say it is somewhat important; just 17 percent say it is not too or not at all important.

With the controlling party in Congress hanging in the balance, 51 percent of likely voters say they are extremely or very enthusiastic about voting for Congress this year; another 29 percent are somewhat enthusiastic while 19 percent are either not too or not at all enthusiastic.

Today, Democrats and Republicans have about equal levels of enthusiasm, while independents are much less likely to be extremely or very enthusiastic. As Californians prepare to vote in the upcoming midterm election, fewer than half of adults and likely voters are satisfied with the way democracy is working in the United States—and few are very satisfied.

Satisfaction was higher in our February survey when 53 percent of adults and 48 percent of likely voters were satisfied with democracy in America. Today, half of Democrats and about four in ten independents are satisfied, compared to about one in five Republicans. Notably, four in ten Republicans are not at all satisfied.

In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences. Forty-nine percent are optimistic, while 46 percent are pessimistic. Today, in a rare moment of bipartisan agreement, about four in ten Democrats, Republicans, and independents are optimistic that Americans of different political views will be able to come together.

Notably, in , half or more across parties, regions, and demographic groups were optimistic. Today, about eight in ten Democrats—compared to about half of independents and about one in ten Republicans—approve of Governor Newsom. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve of how Governor Newsom is handling his job. Approval of Congress among adults has been below 40 percent for all of after seeing a brief run above 40 percent for all of Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to approve of Congress.

Fewer than half across regions and demographic groups approve of Congress. Approval in March was at 44 percent for adults and 39 percent for likely voters. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve among women, younger adults, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.

Views are similar across education and income groups, with just fewer than half approving. Approval in March was at 41 percent for adults and 36 percent for likely voters. Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area. Across demographic groups, approval reaches a majority only among African Americans. This map highlights the five geographic regions for which we present results; these regions account for approximately 90 percent of the state population.

Residents of other geographic areas in gray are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately.

The PPIC Statewide Survey is directed by Mark Baldassare, president and CEO and survey director at the Public Policy Institute of California. Coauthors of this report include survey analyst Deja Thomas, who was the project manager for this survey; associate survey director and research fellow Dean Bonner; and survey analyst Rachel Lawler. The Californians and Their Government survey is supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F.

Findings in this report are based on a survey of 1, California adult residents, including 1, interviewed on cell phones and interviewed on landline telephones. The sample included respondents reached by calling back respondents who had previously completed an interview in PPIC Statewide Surveys in the last six months. Interviews took an average of 19 minutes to complete. Interviewing took place on weekend days and weekday nights from October 14—23, Cell phone interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of cell phone numbers.

Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of cell phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All cell phone numbers with California area codes were eligible for selection. After a cell phone user was reached, the interviewer verified that this person was age 18 or older, a resident of California, and in a safe place to continue the survey e.

Cell phone respondents were offered a small reimbursement to help defray the cost of the call. Cell phone interviews were conducted with adults who have cell phone service only and with those who have both cell phone and landline service in the household. Landline interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of telephone numbers that ensured that both listed and unlisted numbers were called.

Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of landline phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California.

All landline telephone exchanges in California were eligible for selection. For both cell phones and landlines, telephone numbers were called as many as eight times. When no contact with an individual was made, calls to a number were limited to six. Also, to increase our ability to interview Asian American adults, we made up to three additional calls to phone numbers estimated by Survey Sampling International as likely to be associated with Asian American individuals.

Accent on Languages, Inc. The survey sample was closely comparable to the ACS figures. To estimate landline and cell phone service in California, Abt Associates used state-level estimates released by the National Center for Health Statistics—which used data from the National Health Interview Survey NHIS and the ACS.

The estimates for California were then compared against landline and cell phone service reported in this survey. We also used voter registration data from the California Secretary of State to compare the party registration of registered voters in our sample to party registration statewide.

The sampling error, taking design effects from weighting into consideration, is ±3. This means that 95 times out of , the results will be within 3. The sampling error for unweighted subgroups is larger: for the 1, registered voters, the sampling error is ±4.

For the sampling errors of additional subgroups, please see the table at the end of this section. Sampling error is only one type of error to which surveys are subject.

Results may also be affected by factors such as question wording, question order, and survey timing. We present results for five geographic regions, accounting for approximately 90 percent of the state population. 指明了联合题标志 value ,所以相应的C类型为 union value. 如果你不知名一个标志,它默认地就为 YYSTYPE. 参阅 值类型集-The Collection of Value Types 一章. 你可以给任意多数量的非终结符以相同的数据类型, 如果它们有相同的值类型的话.

声明了 code 必须在每次调用 yyparse 之前被调用. 例如,在错误恢复中 参阅 错误恢复-Error Recovery 一章 , 分析器丢弃已经压入栈中为难符号, 以及来自剩余文件的为难记号直到脱离错误恢复状态。 如果这些符号带有堆信息,这些内存就会出现丢失. 然而这种行为对于例如编译器一样的批分析器是可以容忍的, 但不适用于可能"没有终点"的分析器如shells或者通信协议的实现. 声明了 code 必须在每次分析器丢弃 symbols 时调用. 参阅 分析器函数 yyparse -The Parser Funcation yyparse 一章.

这里的 n 是一个十进制整数. 一个 可重入 reentrant 程序是在执行过程中不变更的程序; 换句话说,它全部由 纯 pure 只读 代码构成. 在带有多线程控制的系统中, 一个非可重入程序必须只能被互锁 interlocks 调用. 由于在 yylex , yylval 和 yyloc 通信中使用了静态分配的变量, 标准Yacc界面是不可重入的.

这样做的结果是 yylval 和 yylloc 的通信变量变为一个 yyparse 中的局部变量, 并且对词法分析器函数 yylex 使用了不同的调用惯例. 参阅 纯分析器的调用惯例-Calling Convention for Pure Parsers. 变量 yynerrs 也变为在 yyparse 中的局部变量 参阅 错误报告函数 yyerror -The Error Reporting Funcation yyerror 一章. yyparse 自己的调用惯例并没有改变. 除非 YYSTYPE 已经被定义成了一个宏, 否则输出头文件会声明 YYSTYPE. 除非你的分析器是一个纯分析器, 否则输出的头文件将 yylval 声明为一个外部变量. 参阅 一个纯 可重入 分析器-A Pure Reentrant Parser. 如果你也使用了位置, 输出头文件使用声明与 YYSTYPE 和 yylval 类似的协议声明 YYLTYPE 和 yylloc.

参阅 追踪位置-Semantic Values of Tokens. 如果你希望将 yylex 的定义放在一个另外的源文件中的话, 这个输出的头文件是通常必须的, 因为 yylex 需要引用头文件中提供的声明和记号类型码. 参阅 记号的语义值-Semantic Values of Tokens. 产生处理位置的代码 参阅 使用动作的特殊特征-Special Features for Use in Actions 一章. 符号被重命名的精确列表是: yyparse , yylex , yyerror , yynerrs , yylval , yylloc , yychar , yydebug , 和可能使用的 yylloc. 参阅 同一个程序中的多个分析器-Multiple Parsers in the Same Program. act' 的文件. 在分析器文件中不生成任何 line 预处理指令. Bison通常将这些指令写入分析器文件以便 C编译器和调式器 debugger 可以将错误和目标代码与你的源文件 语法文件 关联起来. 数组的名称是 yytname ; yytname[ i ] 是Bison内部数字码为 i 的记号的名称.

字符串记号的所有字符一字不差地出现在符号表中; 即使双引号字符也不跳过. 参阅 理解你的分析器-Understanding You Parser ,以获取更多信息. 参阅 Bison选项-Bison Options ,获得更多信息. 这样的话,你需要避免在不同的 yyparse , yylval 等等 不同定义的名称之间的冲突. 重命名符号的精确列表为: yyparse , yylex , yyerror , yynerrs , yylval , yylloc , yychar 和 yydebug. 这些其它的东西并不是全局的; 所以在不同的分析器中使用相同的名称不不会产生冲突. 例如, YYSTYPE 并未被重命名, 但是在不同的分析器中以不同的方式不冲突地定义 参阅 语义值的数据类型-Data Types of Semantic Values 一章. 定义 yyparse 为 prefix parse ,等等.

如果你在动作或者 epilogue 部分使用了这样一个标识符 不在这个手册之中 , 你的程序可能会遇到麻烦. 你通过调用函数 yyparse 开始进行分析. 这个函数读入记号,执行动作, 并且最后如果它遇到输入结束或者不能恢复的错误就会返回. 你也可以编写一个让 yyparse 立即返回不再读入的动作. 表明由 argument-declaration 声明的参数 是一个额外的 yyparse 参数. argument-declaration 在声明函数或者原型时使用. argument-declaration 中最后一个标识符必须为参数名称. 词法分析器 lexical analyzer 函数, yylex , 从输入流中识别记号并将它们返回给分析器 注:语法分析器. Bison并不自动生成这个函数; 你必须编写它以备 yyparse 调用.

在简单的程序中, yylex 经常定义在Bison语法文件的末尾. 如果 yylex 定义在另外的文件中, 你需要安排符号类型宏定义在那里是可见的. h' 的头文件中. 参阅 调用-Bison-Invoking Bison. 当一个记号在语法规则中由它的名称引用时, 这个名称在语法文件中是一个宏, 这个宏定义了那个记号类型的恰当的数字码. 所以 yylex 可是使用这个名称来指明那个记号类型. 当一个记号在语法文件中由一个字符引用时, 那个字符的数字码同样也是那个记号类型的数字码. 所以 yylex 可以简单地返回那个字符码, 并且可能转换为 unsigned char 以避免符号扩展.

但空字符绝对不能这样使用, 因为它的数字吗为0, 这意味这输入的结束. 参阅 声明总结-Decl Summary. 在一个普通的 不可重入 的分析器中, 记号的语义值必须被存放在全局变量 yylval 中. 当你只使用一种语义值数据类型时, yylval 就是那个类型. 因此,如果类型为 int 默认的 , 你可以这样编写你的 yylex :. 参阅 值类型集-The Collections of Value Types 一章. 所以,当你存储一个记号的语义值的时候, 你必须使用恰当的联合体成员. yyparse 预期在全局变量 yyloc 中找到刚刚分析的记号的文字位置. 所以 yylex 必须在那个变量里存放正确的数据. 默认地, yyloc 的值是一个结构体并且你只需要初始化将被动作使用的成员. 在这种分析器中,两个全局变量由传递给 yylex 的指针参数取代. 在这种情况下,省略第二个参数; 仅用一个参数调用 yylex. Bison分析器侦测到一个 语法错误 syntax error 或者一个 分析错误 parse error 每当它读入了一个不能满足任何规则的记号.

一个语法动作也可以使用宏 YYERROR 显式地声明一个错误 参阅 使用动作的特殊特征-Special Features for Use in Actions 一章. Bison分析器期望靠调用一个名为 yyerror 的错误处理报告函数报告错误. 每当 yyparse 发现一个语法错误的时候, yyparse 就会调用它. yyparse 只接受一个参数. 对于一个语法错误, 显示的字符串通常是 "syntax error". 你很难遇到这种情况, 因为Bison会自动将栈容量扩展到一个很大的极限. 但是如果溢出发生, yyparse 会以通常的格式调用 yyerror 并带有字符串 "parser stack overflow". 当 yyerror 返回到 yyparse 后, 如果你以已经写好了恰当的错误恢复语法规则 参阅 错误恢复-Error Recovery 一章 , yyparse 会尝试进行错误恢复.

如果恢复是不可能的, yyparse 会立即返回1. 显然,在带有错误追踪的纯分析器中, yyerror 应该会访问当前的位置. 由于历史原因,这些的确是 GLR 分析器的事情而不是Yacc分析器的事情. 原型只是用来指明Bison产生的代码如何使用 yyerror. Bison产生的代码通常忽略返回值, 所以 yyerror 可以返回任何类型, 包括 void. 并且 yyerror 可以是一个变参函数 variadic funcation , 这就是为什么消息总在最后传递的原因. yyerror 在传统上返回一个经常被忽略的 int , 但这仅仅出于纯历史的原因. void 是更好的选择, 因为它更精确的反应了 yyerror 的返回类型. 变量 yynerrs 包含了到目前位置遭遇的语法错误的数量. 这个变量通常是全局的; 但是如果你要求一个纯分析器 参阅 一个纯 可重入 分析器-A Pure Reentrant Parser 一章 , 那么这个变量就是一个只能被动作访问的局部变量.

参阅 动作中值的数据类型-Data Types of Values in Actions. 立即从 yyparse 返回,表明分析失败. 参阅 分析器函数 yyparse -The Parser Function yyparse. 立即从 yyparse 返回,表明分析成功. 这个宏也不允许在 GLR 分析器中使用. 这个宏建立一个超前带有记号类型 token 和语义值 value 的超前扫描记号; 然后丢弃将要被这个规则归约的值. 这个语句启动错误恢复就像分析器自己已经侦测到一个错误一样; 然而,它并不调用 yyerror 并且不打印任何消息. 参阅 错误恢复-Error Recovery. 在一个纯分析器中,这实际上是一个 yyparse 中的局部变量. 当没有超前扫描记号的时候,这个变量存储 YYEMPTY 的值. 参阅 超前扫描记号-Look-Ahead Tokens. 这个位置是由当前规则的第 n 个部件的位置. 参阅 追踪位置-Tracking Locations. 这个栈被称为 分析器栈 parser stack.

将一个记号压入栈在传统上被称为 移进 shifting. 当最后 n 个被移进的记号和组匹配语法规则部件时, 可以由那个规则将它们结合起来. 这叫做 归约 reduction. 那个组的符号是这个规则的结果 左手端. 运行规则的动作是处理归约的一部分, 因为这就是什么在计算结果组的语义值. 参阅 语言与上下文无关文法-Languages and Context-Free Grammars 一章.

Bison分析器并 不 总是在最后 n 个记号和组匹配一个规则时立即进行归约. 相反,当可以进行一个归约的时候, 分析器有时"超前扫描"下一个记号来决定该怎么做. 当读取一个记号时, 它并不是被马上移进而是首先成为不在栈中的 超前扫描记号 look-ahead token.

这并不意味着所有可能的归约已经执行; 依赖于超前扫描记号的符号类型, 一些规则可以选择推迟它们的应用. 当前的超前扫描记号被存储在 yychar 中. 参阅 在动作中使用的特殊特征-Special Features for Use in Actions. 当 ELSE 被读入成为超前扫描记号, 栈中的内容 假定输入是有效的 刚好可以由第一个规则进行归约. 但是移进 ELSE 也是合法的, 因为这最终将会导致由第二个规则进行的归约. Bison被设计成选择 移进 来解决这些冲突, 除非有其它的操作符优先级的指导.

为了研究这样做得原因, 我们将它和另一种选择 注:选择归约 做一个对比. 冲突存在的原因是由于语法本身有歧义: 任一种简单的if语句嵌套的分析都是合法的. 已经建立的惯例是通过将else从句依附到最里面的if语句来解决歧义; 这就是Bison为什么选择移进而不是归约的原因. 在理想的情况下,最好编写一个非歧义的文法, 但是在这种情况下却很难办到. 这种特殊的歧义在Algol 60的描述中首次出现并被成为"悬挂 else "歧义. 参阅 消除冲突警告-Suppressing Conflict Warnings.

如果下一个操作符记号 op 被移进, 那么它必须首先被归约以便允许进行另外一个归约的机会. 这被成为 左结合 left association. 后面一种, 右结合 right association , 对于赋值操作符是理想的选择. 在一个支持其它操作符的更完整的例子中, 我们会成组地声明具有相同优先级的操作符. 第二个作用是赋予特定的规则以优先级: 每个规则从部件中最后一个提及的终结符中获取优先级. 参阅 上下文依赖优先级-Context-Dependent Precedence.

如果它们有相同的优先级, 那么靠那个优先级的结合性来作出选择. 它的作用是赋予规则 terminal-symbol 的优先级而不考虑从普通方法推导出的优先级. 参阅 操作符优先级-Operator Precedence 一章. 首先为一个虚构的名为 MINUS 的终结符声明优先级. 实际上没有记号是这种类型, 但是这个符号以它自己的优先级来使用. 函数 yyparse 是使用有限状态机 finite-state-machine 来实现的.

压入分析器栈中的值不仅仅是符号类型码; 它们代表了整个在栈顶或者靠近栈顶的终结符和非终结符序列. 每次读入一个超前扫描记号, 分析器就在一个表中搜索分析装当前状态和超前扫描记号类型. 这个表项能会说"移进超前扫描记号" 在这种情况下,它在指定了一个新的分析器状态的同时将这个状态压入栈顶. 或者,它 注:指表项 也可能说"使用第 n 个规则进行归约. 用另外一种说法, 那些个数 注: n 的状态被弹出栈,一个新状态被压入栈.

这个错误是一个歧义:有多种方法可以将单一的 word 分析成一个 sequence. 它可以归约为一个 maybeword 然后通过第二个规则归约为一个 sequence. 另外,什么都没有可以通过第一个规则归约为一个 sequence , 可以使用 sequence 的第三个规则将它和 word 结合起来. 你可能认为这没有什么区别, 因为不论任意的输入是否有效它没有什么变化. 一种分析顺序运行了第二个规则的动作, 另一个则运行了第一个和第三个规则的动作. 这里有一个正确定义 sequence 的方法:. 这里的目的是定一个可以包含 word 或 redirect 组的序列. sequence , words 和 redirects 的定义都是没有问题的, 但是三个在一起却产生微妙的歧义: 即使一个空输入可以有无限多种分析的方式. 考虑:什么都没有可以是一个 words. 或者它可以是两个在一行的 words ,或者三个,或者任意个. 它同样也可以是一个 words 后跟三个 redirects 和另外一个 words.

如果 ID 后面紧跟一个分号,那么它是一个 name. 如果 ID 后面跟随另外一个 ID ,那么它是一个 type. 换句话说,这是一个 LR 1 文法. 然而,像大多数分析器产生器一样,Bison实际上并不能处理所有的 LR 1 文法. 它们看起来相似因为相同的规则集是活动的--归约到 name 的规则和归约到 type 的规则. Bison在那个处理阶段没有能力决定这些规则在两个上下文中需要不同的超前扫描记号, 所以它为两种情况制造了同一个分析器状态. 在分析器术语中, 这种情况意味着这个文法不是 LALR 1 文法. 但是这个特殊的漏洞很难被修复; 处理 LR 1 文法的分析器生成器很难编写并且倾向于制造很大的分析器. 只要 yylex 永远不产生记号 BOGUS , 新增的规则就不能改变分析输入的实际方法. Bison产生 确定性 determinstic 的分析器. 这种分析器基于先前输入和额外的超前扫描记号的摘要, 唯一性地选择进行归约的时机和如何进行归约. 由于歧义文法含有可以使用多种可能的归约序列的字符串, 所以在这种情况下不能使用确定的分析器.

这种情况同样适用于需要多于一个超前扫描记号的语言, 因为分析器缺乏做出决定所需要的必要信息, 这时它必须被制作成一个移进-归约分析器. 最终,如同之前提到的 参阅 神秘的冲突-Mystery Conflicts 一章 , 有这样一些语言,Bison关于如何总结输入的特殊选择目前看起来缺少必要的信息. 当一个 GLR 分析器遭遇这种情况的时候, 它高效地 分裂 splits 成多个分析器, 每个对应一种可能的移进或者归约. 这些分析器如常地进行分析,使用锁步 lock-step 消耗记号.

一些栈遭遇了其它的冲突并且进一步分裂, 一个Bison GLR 分析栈是一个取代状态序列的高效的分析树. 剩余的输入可能会表明一个猜想是错误的, 在这种情况下,不正确的栈静静地消失. 当一个归约使两个栈等价的时候, 它们的语义动作集和导致归约的状态都会被保存. 我们说两个栈是等价的 当它们都代表相同的状态序列, 并且每对相应的状态代表一个产生相同输入流片段的语法符号. 每当分析器从有多个分析状态转换为一个分析状态时, 在执行了原来保存的动作后, 这个分析器将转变到通常的 LALR 1 分析算法. 在这个转换过程中,一些栈上的状态含有可能的动作集 实际上是多个集 的语义值. 对 GLR 分析树使用这样一种数据结构是可能的, 这种结构可以以线性的时间 相对输入的大小 处理任意的 LALR 1 文法, 在最坏情况下以二次方的时间处理任何非歧义文法 不一定是 LALR 1 , 在最坏情况下以三次方的时间处理任何普通 可能是歧义的 上下文无关文法. 然而Bison当前使用一种更简单的数据结构, 这中数据结构需要与输入长度乘以输入的任意前需要缀最大栈数目成比例的时间.

特别地,对于文法的 LALR 1 部分,它 注:通用 GLR 分析器 仅仅比默认的Biosn分析器稍慢. ps , 如果太多的记号被移进而没有被归约, Bison分析器栈可能会溢出. 在这种情况发生时, 分析器函数 yyparse 返回非零值, 暂停执行并调用 yyerror 来报告错误. 除非你使用C99或者其它允许变长数组的语言和编译器, 对于C语言 LALR 1 分析器来说, 这个值必须为编译时常量.

在每个输入都是一行的简单互交命令分析器中, 让 yyparse 在遇到错误时返回1并且 使调用者忽略剩下的输入行 然后重新调用 yyparse 就足够了. 但是这对于编译器来说显然不够, 因为为它忘记了导致错误的全部构造上下文. 在编译器输入中,深入到一个函数内部的语法错误, 并不应该使编译器对待后面的行像对待源文件的开始一样. 你可以靠编写一个识别特殊记号 error 的规则来定义如何从语法错误中恢复. 它总是一个已经被定义 你不需要声明它 并且保留做错误处理使用的终结符. 每当一个语法错误发生时,Bison分析器就产生一个 error 记号; 如果你在当前的上下文中提供了一个识别该记号的规则, 那么分析可以继续进行. 如果错误发生在 exp 中间的话会发生什么情况?

这个错误恢复规则,被精确地解释为应用于一个 stmnts ,一个 error 和一个换行的精确序列. 如果一个错误发生在一个 exp 中间, 那么在栈中最后的 stmnts 之后很可能有一些额外的记号或者自表达式, 即有一些记号在下一个换行之前被读入. 但是Bison可以靠丢弃部分语义上下文和部分输入来强制地使这个规则 注:错误恢复规则 适用于这种情况. 首先,它从栈中丢弃状态和对象直到回到一个可以接受 error 的状态. 这意味着分析过的子表达式被丢弃,并且回到最后一个完整的 stmnts. 这时 error 记号可以被移进. 之后,如果旧的超前扫描记号不能接受移进下一个记号, 分析器如读记号并且丢弃它们直到找到一个可以接受的记号.

注意到丢弃的符号通常是内存泄露之源,参阅 释放丢弃的符号-Freeing Discarded Symbols 以获取更多信息. 在上面的例子中, 错误规则猜测:一个错误是由于一个 stmnt 中的错误输入引起的. 假设一个伪造的分号被插入到一个有效的 stmt 中间. 在错误恢复规则从第一错误恢复之后,分析器会立刻发现另外一个错误, 因为在伪造的分号之后的文字也是一个无效的 stmt. 你可以通过使用宏 yyerrok 使错误消息立即恢复. 如果你在错误恢复规则的动作中使用它, 没有任何错误消息会被抑制. 如果这是不可接受的, 那么宏 yyclearin 可以用于清除这个记号. 例如,假设在遭遇一个语法错误时, 一个错误处理程序被调用用于将输入流前进到重新开始分析的地方.

尽管这破坏了Bison范例, 某些技术 被称为 kludges 可以使你有能力为这种语言编写Bison分析器. 这看起来是一个函数调用语句,但如果 foo 是一个typedef名称, 那么这实际上是一个 x 的声明. 结果,C语言的Bison分析器的某些部分要被复制,并且要改变所有非终结符的名称: 一次是为了分析可以被重定义的typedef声明, 一次是为了分析不能被重定义的声明. 在关键字 hex 之后是一个括号之中全部为十六进制整数的表达式.

hexflag 出现在分析器文件的 Prologue 部分以便动作可以访问它 参阅 Prologue 部分-The Prologue 一章. 你还必须在 yylex 中编写代码来获得这个标志. 不例如,在类似C的语言中, 一个典型的错误恢复规则是跳过记号直到下一个分号, 并且开始分析一个新的语句, 像这样:. 所以对于其余的输入或者直到下一个关键字 hex , hexflag 仍然被置1. 如果这个规则在 hex 结构中执行, 它不会放弃那个结构 由于它作于在结构内部的括号 注:结构指 hex 结构. 因此,它不应该将标志清零: hex 结构的其余部分应该在该标志仍然有效的情况下被分析. 如果有一个错误规则依靠当时的状况可能放弃 hex 结构也可能不放弃的话, 我们该怎么办? 没有办法编写一个可以决定是否放弃 hex 结构的动作. 所以,如果你使用了词法关联, 最好保证你的错误恢复规则不是这种类型. 开发分析器可能是一种挑战,特别当你不理解它的算法的时候 参阅 Bison分析器算法-The Bison Parser Algorithm 一章.

即使是这样,有些时候一个关于自动的详细描述可能会有所帮助 参阅 理解你的分析器- Understanding Your Parser 一章 , 或者跟踪分析器的执行可以给你关于为它什么做出不正确的行为一些灵感. 参阅 跟踪你的分析器- Tracing Your Parser 一章. 在一些情况下 比你希望的要更频繁 , 调整或者简单的修正一个分析器需要考虑这个自动机. Bions提供了它 自动机 的两种表示方法,文本的或者图形的 作为一个 VCG 文件. output' 取代. 输出和精确表述的顺序可能有所不同, 但是对此的解释是相同的. 没用处的非终结符和规则被移除以便产生一个更小的分析器, 但是没用记号被保留,因为它们可能被扫描器使用, 应该注意到"没用处的"和"没被使用的"之间的区别. Bison之后进入到自己的自动机, 并且用 项目 items 集,也被成为 指明规则 pointed rules ,来描述每个状态. 这些有如下含义: "状态0相应地处于分析的开始, 在初始规则中,处于开始符号 这里是 exp 的右端. 当分析器归约了一个产生的 exp 的规则并返回这个状态之后, 控制流跳转到状态2.

如果没有这样的非终结符转化并且超前扫描记号是 NUM , 那么这个记号被移进到分析器栈中,控制流跳转到状态1. 即使状态0中的唯一活动规则看起来是规则0, 报告将 NUM 列举为一个超前扫描记号, 这是因为 NUM 可以在任何转向 exp 的规则的开头. 默认地,Bison报告项目集的核心 core or kernel of the item set. 注意到先前的所有状态只有一个单一可能的动作: 或者移进下一个记号并且转到相应的状态, 或者归约一个规则. 在其它的情况下, 例如, 当移进 和 归约都是可能的或者 多个 归约都是可能的, 这是需要超前扫描记号来选择动作.

更普通地说, 一些项目仅在某些可能的超前扫描记号下是符合条件的. 当你编译分析器的时候,将宏 YYDEBUG 定义成非零指. 这种方式与 POSIX Yacc兼容. 参阅 Prologue 部分- The Prologue 一章. 这也与 POSIX 兼容. 除非你要考虑 POSIX 可移植性问题, 否则这是一个很好的解决方案. 追踪机制使用 YYFPRINTF stderr, format , args 形式的宏调用输出信息. 在这里 format 和 args 是普通的 printf 的格式和参数. 一旦你使用了追踪机制编译程序, 请求一个追踪的方法是在变量 yydebug 中存储一个非零值. 你可以考编写C代码 也许在 main 中 做到这一点, 你也可以使用C调试器来改变这个值. 参阅 调用Bison-Invoking Bison 一章.

这个文件按照各种规则的位置展示了每个状态的意义, 还展示了每个状态会怎样处理每个输入记号. 当你阅读连续的追踪信息时, 你可以看到分析器按照它在列表文件中的指示工作. 最终你会到达发生不期望事情的地方, 并且你会发现语法的哪一个部分存在问题. 分析器文件是一个C程序,你可以使用C调式器调试它, 但是我们很难解释它在做些什么. 分析器函数是一个有限状态机解释器, 除了动作以外它反复执行相同的代码. 你可以定一个名为 YYPRINT 的宏来打印这个值. 如果你定义 YYPRINT , 它应带有三个参数.

这里有一个适用于多功能计算器的 YYPRINT 参阅 mfcalc 的声明部分-Declarations for mfcalc 一章 :. y' 结尾的语法文件名. y' 取得. 因此,如下的shell脚本可以替代Yacc, 并且Bison发行版包含一个这种为 POSIX 兼容的脚本. 在分析器文件中,定义宏 YYDEBUG 为1,如果还没有定义它, 以便调试机制被编译. 参阅 追踪你的分析器-Tracing Your Parser. 在分析器文件中不放入任何的 line 预处理器命令. Bison通常将它们放入分析器文件以便C编译起和调试器将错误关联到你的源文件, 语法文件. 输出一个由Bison计算的 LALR 1 语法自动机的 VCG 定义. Yacc库包含 yyerror 和 main 函数的默认实现. 通常情况下,这些默认实现没有什么用处,但是 POSIX 要求它们. 注意到Bison实现的Yacc库在 GNU 通用许可证下发行.

参阅 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 一章. Bison忽略 yyerror 返回的 int 值. 如果你使用Yacc库的 main 函数, 你的 yyparse 函数应该有如下原型:. 因此,无论什么时候改变 yyin , 你必须告诉Lex声称的扫描器丢弃当前的缓冲转换到新的缓冲中. 这是由于 yytext 是一个在动作中用于 读取 的缓冲区, 但是如果你要保留它,你必须复制它 例如,使用 strdup. 应注意到输出可能依赖于你的Lex实现怎么处理 yytext. 它的功能很强大,但是由于多方面的关系, 它 可能 破坏向后兼容性的额外工作.

虽然这个文档中包含的例子很有教学性, 但它模糊了分析器 它的工作是恢复文字的结构并将它转化为程序模块 和处理这些结构的过程 如执行 之间的区别. 如果你需要的更丰富的模式, 你可能需要分析器生一种表示它 注:分析器 已经恢复的结构的树; 这种树被通常成为 抽象语法树 abstract syntax tree 或者简写为 AST. 之后,用多种方法遍历这棵树会激活对它的执行或翻译, 这最终会导致产生一个解释起或者编译器. 用于分隔语法规则部分和Bison声明部分或者 epilogue 部分. 参阅 Bison语法文件的布局-The Overall Layout of a Bison Grammar. 这些代码组成了输入文件的 Prologue 部分. 参阅 Bison语法的提纲-Outline of a Bison Grammar. 参阅 开始符号- The Start-Symbol. 参阅 编写 GLR 分析器-Writing GLR Parsers.

这个记号可以用在语法规则中用来允许Bison分析器在不终止处理的前提下 识别一个错误. 遇到一个语法错误时, 记号 error 成为了当前的超前扫描记号. 与 error 相应的动作被执行,并且超前扫描记号被重置为 最初引起错误的记号. 声称 GLR 分析器的Bison声明. 指明 yylex 的额外参数的Bison声明. 参阅 纯分析器的调用惯例-Calling Conventions for Pure Parsers.

参阅 Writing GLR Parsers-编写 GLR 分析器. 指定 yyparse 接受的额外参数的Bison声明. 参阅 分析器函数 yyparse - The Parser Function yyparse. 通过使 yyparse 立即返回1,来伪装发生一个未恢复的语法错误的宏. 并不调用错误报告函数 yyerrpr. 参阅 分析器函数 ppyarse -The Parser Function yyparse. 通过使 yyparse 立即返回0,来伪装语言的一个完整的表达已经被读取的宏. 在一个纯分析器中,它是一个在 yyparse 中的局部变量. 如果 yydebug 被赋予一个非零值, 分析器会输入关于输入符号和分析器动作的信息.

参阅 跟踪你的分析器-Tracing Your Parser. 一个假装刚刚发现一个语法错误的宏: 调用 yyerror 然后执行通常的错误恢复如果可能的话 参阅 错误恢复-Error Recovery 一章 或者 如果恢复是不可能的 使 yyparse 返回1. 用户提供的当发现错误时被 yyparse 调用的函数. 参阅 错误报告函数 yyerror -The Error Reporting Function yyerror. 一个在 Prologue 部分用 define 定义的陈旧的宏, 当调用 yyerror 时,它请求详细的错误消息字符串.

用户提供的词法分析器函数, 不带有任何参数来获得下一个记号. 参阅 词法分析器函数 yylex -The Lexical Analyzer Function yylex. 一个用于指明 yyparse 传递到 yylex 的额外参数 或者额外参数列表 的陈旧的宏. yylex 应该将一个记号的行列号放入这个外部变量. 在纯分析器中,它是一个 yyparse 的局部变量, 它的地址被传递到 yylex. 参阅 记号的文字位置-Textual Locations of Tokens. yyloc 的数据类型;默认地为一个带有四个成员的结构体. 参阅 位置的数据类型-Data Types of Locations. yylex 应该将记号相关的语义值放入这个变量. 在纯分析器中,它是一个 yyparse 中的局部变量,并且它的地址被传递到 yylex. 在纯分析器中,它是一个 yyparse 中的局部变量. 指明 yyparse 应该接受的参数名成的陈旧宏.

用于控制当C语言 LALR 1 分析器需要扩展它的栈时, alloca 的使用. 如果定义为0,分析器会使用 malloc 来扩展它的栈. 如果定义为1,分析器则会使用 alloca. 由John Backus倡导的,最初用于描述上下文无关文法的正式方法. 在Peter Naur他的称为Algol60报告的委员会文档中得到少许改进. 参阅 语言与上下文无关文法-Languages and Context-Free Grammars. 因此,如果有一个规则说一个整数可做为一个表达式使用, 那么,整数 在任何地方 都是一个允许的表达式. 对于分析器来说,输入就是要分析的语言, 状态对应于语法规则中的各个阶段. 参阅 Bison分析器算法-The Bison Parser Algorithm. 一种可以处理包括那些不是 LALR 1 的上下文无关文法的分析算法. 它用来解决Bison通常的 LALR 1 算法不能解决的冲突. 参阅 通用 LR 分析-Generalized LR Parsing. 参阅 语言和上下文无关文法-Languages and Context-Free Grammars.

例如,一种C语言的结构是 if 语句. 参阅 递归规则-Recursive Rules. 一种Bison 像大多数其它分析器一样 可以处理的上下文无关文法. LR 1 的子集. 参阅 递归规则-Recursive rules. 我们说一个分析器移进当它决定进从流中进一步分析输入而不是 立即归约一些已经识别的规则. The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.

It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does.

But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. Download and install it using:. This is a simple command-line tool that allows you to process a markdown file using a standalone program.

You can also browse the source directly on github if you are just looking for some example code:. Note that if you have not already done so, installing blackfriday-tool will be sufficient to download and install blackfriday in addition to the tool itself. This is a statically-linked binary that can be copied to wherever you need it without worrying about dependencies and library versions. Blackfriday includes an algorithm for creating sanitized anchor names corresponding to a given input text.

The algorithm has a specification, so that other packages can create compatible anchor names and links to those anchors. SanitizedAnchorName exposes this functionality, and can be used to create compatible links to the anchor names generated by blackfriday. This algorithm is also implemented in a small standalone package at github. It can be useful for clients that want a small package and don't need full functionality of blackfriday.

The Markdown v1. Without --tidy , the differences are mostly in whitespace and entity escaping, where blackfriday is more consistent and cleaner. Common extensions , including table support, fenced code blocks, autolinks, strikethroughs, non-strict emphasis, etc. Blackfriday is paranoid when parsing, making it safe to feed untrusted user input without fear of bad things happening.

The test suite stress tests this and there are no known inputs that make it crash. If you find one, please let me know and send me the input that does it. NOTE: "safety" in this context means runtime safety only. In order to protect yourself against JavaScript injection in untrusted content, see this example.

Fast processing. It is fast enough to render on-demand in most web applications without having to cache the output. Thread safety. You can run multiple parsers in different goroutines without ill effect. There is no dependence on global shared state. Minimal dependencies. Blackfriday only depends on standard library packages in Go. The source code is pretty self-contained, so it is easy to add to any project, including Google App Engine projects.

Standards compliant. Output successfully validates using the W3C validation tool for HTML 4. In addition to the standard markdown syntax, this package implements the following extensions:. Intra-word emphasis supression. Blackfriday lets you treat all emphasis markers as normal characters when they occur inside a word.

Tables can be created by drawing them in the input using a simple syntax:. Fenced code blocks. In addition to the normal 4-space indentation to mark code blocks, you can explicitly mark them and supply a language to make syntax highlighting simple. Just mark it like this:. You can use 3 or more backticks to mark the beginning of the block, and the same number to mark the end of the block. To preserve classes of fenced code blocks while using the bluemonday HTML sanitizer, use the following policy:.

Definition lists. A simple definition list is made of a single-line term followed by a colon and the definition for that term. A marker in the text that will become a superscript number; a footnote definition that will be placed in a list of footnotes at the end of the document.

A footnote looks like this:. Blackfriday can find URLs that have not been explicitly marked as links and turn them into links. Use two tildes ~~ to mark text that should be crossed out. Hard line breaks. With this extension enabled it is off by default in the MarkdownBasic and MarkdownCommon convenience functions , newlines in the input translate into line breaks in the output.

Smart quotes. Smartypants-style punctuation substitution is supported, turning normal double- and single-quote marks into curly quotes, etc.

This differs from most smartypants processors, which turn a single hyphen into an ndash and a double hyphen into an mdash. Smart fractions , where anything that looks like a fraction is translated into suitable HTML instead of just a few special cases like most smartypant processors.

Blackfriday is structured to allow alternative rendering engines. Here are a few of note:. It's not customizable, and its goal is to produce HTML output equivalent to the GitHub Markdown API endpoint , except the rendering is performed locally.

Please check back soon for future events, and sign up to receive invitations to our events and briefings. December 1, Speaker Series on California's Future — Virtual Event. November 30, Virtual Event. November 18, Annual Water Conference — In-Person and Online. We believe in the power of good information to build a brighter future for California. Help support our mission. Mark Baldassare , Dean Bonner , Rachel Lawler , and Deja Thomas. Supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F.

Miller Foundation and the James Irvine Foundation. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Amid rising prices and economic uncertainty—as well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issues—Californians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state legislators and to make policy decisions about state propositions.

The midterm election also features a closely divided Congress, with the likelihood that a few races in California may determine which party controls the US House. These are among the key findings of a statewide survey on state and national issues conducted from October 14 to 23 by the Public Policy Institute of California:.

Today, there is a wide partisan divide: seven in ten Democrats are optimistic about the direction of the state, while 91 percent of Republicans and 59 percent of independents are pessimistic.

Californians are much more pessimistic about the direction of the country than they are about the direction of the state. Majorities across all demographic groups and partisan groups, as well as across regions, are pessimistic about the direction of the United States.

A wide partisan divide exists: most Democrats and independents say their financial situation is about the same as a year ago, while solid majorities of Republicans say they are worse off. Regionally, about half in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles say they are about the same, while half in the Central Valley say they are worse off; residents elsewhere are divided between being worse off and the same.

The shares saying they are worse off decline as educational attainment increases. Strong majorities across partisan groups feel negatively, but Republicans and independents are much more likely than Democrats to say the economy is in poor shape. Today, majorities across partisan, demographic, and regional groups say they are following news about the gubernatorial election either very or fairly closely. In the upcoming November 8 election, there will be seven state propositions for voters.

Due to time constraints, our survey only asked about three ballot measures: Propositions 26, 27, and For each, we read the proposition number, ballot, and ballot label. Two of the state ballot measures were also included in the September survey Propositions 27 and 30 , while Proposition 26 was not.

This measure would allow in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, requiring that racetracks and casinos offering sports betting make certain payments to the state to support state regulatory costs.

It also allows roulette and dice games at tribal casinos and adds a new way to enforce certain state gambling laws. Fewer than half of likely voters say the outcome of each of these state propositions is very important to them. Today, 21 percent of likely voters say the outcome of Prop 26 is very important, 31 percent say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important, and 42 percent say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important.

Today, when it comes to the importance of the outcome of Prop 26, one in four or fewer across partisan groups say it is very important to them. About one in three across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important to them. Fewer than half across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important to them.

When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate. Democratic candidates are preferred by a point margin in Democratic-held districts, while Republican candidates are preferred by a point margin in Republican-held districts.

Abortion is another prominent issue in this election. When asked about the importance of abortion rights, 61 percent of likely voters say the issue is very important in determining their vote for Congress and another 20 percent say it is somewhat important; just 17 percent say it is not too or not at all important.

With the controlling party in Congress hanging in the balance, 51 percent of likely voters say they are extremely or very enthusiastic about voting for Congress this year; another 29 percent are somewhat enthusiastic while 19 percent are either not too or not at all enthusiastic.

Today, Democrats and Republicans have about equal levels of enthusiasm, while independents are much less likely to be extremely or very enthusiastic. As Californians prepare to vote in the upcoming midterm election, fewer than half of adults and likely voters are satisfied with the way democracy is working in the United States—and few are very satisfied. Satisfaction was higher in our February survey when 53 percent of adults and 48 percent of likely voters were satisfied with democracy in America.

Today, half of Democrats and about four in ten independents are satisfied, compared to about one in five Republicans. Notably, four in ten Republicans are not at all satisfied. In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences. Forty-nine percent are optimistic, while 46 percent are pessimistic.

Today, in a rare moment of bipartisan agreement, about four in ten Democrats, Republicans, and independents are optimistic that Americans of different political views will be able to come together. Notably, in , half or more across parties, regions, and demographic groups were optimistic.

Today, about eight in ten Democrats—compared to about half of independents and about one in ten Republicans—approve of Governor Newsom. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve of how Governor Newsom is handling his job. Approval of Congress among adults has been below 40 percent for all of after seeing a brief run above 40 percent for all of Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to approve of Congress. Fewer than half across regions and demographic groups approve of Congress.

Approval in March was at 44 percent for adults and 39 percent for likely voters. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve among women, younger adults, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos. Views are similar across education and income groups, with just fewer than half approving. Approval in March was at 41 percent for adults and 36 percent for likely voters. Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Across demographic groups, approval reaches a majority only among African Americans. This map highlights the five geographic regions for which we present results; these regions account for approximately 90 percent of the state population.

Residents of other geographic areas in gray are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately. The PPIC Statewide Survey is directed by Mark Baldassare, president and CEO and survey director at the Public Policy Institute of California. Coauthors of this report include survey analyst Deja Thomas, who was the project manager for this survey; associate survey director and research fellow Dean Bonner; and survey analyst Rachel Lawler.

The Californians and Their Government survey is supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Findings in this report are based on a survey of 1, California adult residents, including 1, interviewed on cell phones and interviewed on landline telephones. The sample included respondents reached by calling back respondents who had previously completed an interview in PPIC Statewide Surveys in the last six months. Interviews took an average of 19 minutes to complete.

Interviewing took place on weekend days and weekday nights from October 14—23, Cell phone interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of cell phone numbers. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of cell phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All cell phone numbers with California area codes were eligible for selection.

After a cell phone user was reached, the interviewer verified that this person was age 18 or older, a resident of California, and in a safe place to continue the survey e. Cell phone respondents were offered a small reimbursement to help defray the cost of the call. Cell phone interviews were conducted with adults who have cell phone service only and with those who have both cell phone and landline service in the household.

Landline interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of telephone numbers that ensured that both listed and unlisted numbers were called. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of landline phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All landline telephone exchanges in California were eligible for selection. For both cell phones and landlines, telephone numbers were called as many as eight times.

When no contact with an individual was made, calls to a number were limited to six. Also, to increase our ability to interview Asian American adults, we made up to three additional calls to phone numbers estimated by Survey Sampling International as likely to be associated with Asian American individuals. Accent on Languages, Inc. The survey sample was closely comparable to the ACS figures. To estimate landline and cell phone service in California, Abt Associates used state-level estimates released by the National Center for Health Statistics—which used data from the National Health Interview Survey NHIS and the ACS.

The estimates for California were then compared against landline and cell phone service reported in this survey. We also used voter registration data from the California Secretary of State to compare the party registration of registered voters in our sample to party registration statewide.

The sampling error, taking design effects from weighting into consideration, is ±3. This means that 95 times out of , the results will be within 3. The sampling error for unweighted subgroups is larger: for the 1, registered voters, the sampling error is ±4. For the sampling errors of additional subgroups, please see the table at the end of this section.

Sampling error is only one type of error to which surveys are subject. Results may also be affected by factors such as question wording, question order, and survey timing. We present results for five geographic regions, accounting for approximately 90 percent of the state population. Residents of other geographic areas are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately.

We also present results for congressional districts currently held by Democrats or Republicans, based on residential zip code and party of the local US House member. We compare the opinions of those who report they are registered Democrats, registered Republicans, and no party preference or decline-to-state or independent voters; the results for those who say they are registered to vote in other parties are not large enough for separate analysis.

We also analyze the responses of likely voters—so designated per their responses to survey questions about voter registration, previous election participation, intentions to vote this year, attention to election news, and current interest in politics.

The percentages presented in the report tables and in the questionnaire may not add to due to rounding. Additional details about our methodology can be found at www. pdf and are available upon request through surveys ppic. October 14—23, 1, California adult residents; 1, California likely voters English, Spanish. Margin of error ±3.

He is an authority on elections, voter behavior, and political and fiscal reform, and the author of ten books and numerous publications. In order to protect yourself against JavaScript injection in untrusted content, see this example. Fix fenced code in lists 这个语句启动错误恢复就像分析器自己已经侦测到一个错误一样; 然而,它并不调用 yyerror 并且不打印任何消息. CrO 4 So use it sparingly, if at all.

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