Retrieved Apel, Willi Harvard Dictionary of Music. Barbieri, Patrizio Benson, Dave Music: A Mathematical Offering. ISBN Brown, J. September Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Bibcode : ASAJ.. doi : PMID Ellis, Alexander J. The Social Psychology of Music. Geringer, J. Journal of Research in Music Education. JSTOR S2CID Loeffler, D.

April Instrument Timbres and Pitch Estimation in Polyphonic Music Master's. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech. Archived from the original on Peretz, I. August Insights from congenital amusia". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. CiteSeerX Prame, E. July The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

Randel, Don Michael The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Harvard University Press. The Harvard Dictionary of Music 4th ed. Renold, Maria [], Anna Meuss ed. February Yasser, Joseph A Theory of Evolving Tonality. American Library of Musicology. Musical tunings. Pitch Cent Millioctave Savart Interval Interval ratio Pitch class Consonance and dissonance List of musical intervals List of intervals in 5-limit just intonation List of meantone intervals Microtone.

Euler—Fokker genus Harmonic scale Harry Partch's tone scale Hexany Limit 5-limit 7-limit List of compositions Otonality Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale Pythagorean tuning Scale of harmonics Tonality diamond Tonality flux. Meantone quarter-comma , septimal Schismatic Miracle Magic Regular diatonic. Chinese musicology Shí-èr-lǜ Dastgah Maqam Arabic maqam Turkish makam Mugham Muqam Octoechos Pelog Raga Carnatic raga Slendro Tetrachord.

unison 0 fourth 5 fifth 7 octave second 2 third 4 sixth 9 seventh second 1 third 3 sixth 8 seventh unison 1 second 3 third 5 fourth 6 fifth 8 sixth 10 seventh second 0 third 2 fourth 4 fifth 6 sixth 7 seventh 9 octave ninth 13 or 14 tenth 15 or 16 eleventh 17 or 18 twelfth 18 or 19 thirteenth 20 or 21 fourteenth 22 or 23 fifteenth septimal quarter tone septimal third tone septimal chromatic semitone septimal diatonic semitone supermajor second subminor third supermajor third subminor fifth supermajor fourth subminor seventh minor diatonic semitone limit.

Microtone 5-limit Comma Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Subminor and supermajor. Pythagorean limma Pythagorean apotome Major limma. Quarter tone Septimal quarter tone Undecimal quarter tone. Pythagorean comma Cent Centitone Millioctave Savart. Wolf Ditone Semiditone Secor Incomposite interval. List of pitch intervals. Categories : Equal temperaments Intervals music Units of measurement Logarithmic scales of measurement number.

Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats. Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file.

What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. The need to represent characters outside the ASCII range, however, grew quickly, and URI schemes and protocols often failed to provide standard rules for preparing character data for inclusion in a URI. Web applications consequently began using different multi-byte, stateful , and other non-ASCII-compatible encodings as the basis for percent-encoding, leading to ambiguities and difficulty interpreting URIs reliably.

For example, many URI schemes and protocols based on RFCs and presume that the data characters will be converted to bytes according to some unspecified character encoding before being represented in a URI by unreserved characters or percent-encoded bytes.

If the scheme does not allow the URI to provide a hint as to what encoding was used, or if the encoding conflicts with the use of ASCII to percent-encode reserved and unreserved characters, then the URI cannot be reliably interpreted. Some schemes fail to account for encoding at all and instead just suggest that data characters map directly to URI characters, which leaves it up to implementations to decide whether and how to percent-encode data characters that are in neither the reserved nor unreserved sets.

Arbitrary character data is sometimes percent-encoded and used in non-URI situations, such as for password-obfuscation programs or other system-specific translation protocols. The generic URI syntax recommends that new URI schemes that provide for the representation of character data in a URI should, in effect, represent characters from the unreserved set without translation and should convert all other characters to bytes according to UTF-8 , and then percent-encode those values.

This suggestion was introduced in January with the publication of RFC URI schemes introduced before this date are not affected. Not addressed by the current specification is what to do with encoded character data. For example, in computers, character data manifests in encoded form, at some level, and thus could be treated as either binary or character data when being mapped to URI characters.

Presumably, it is up to the URI scheme specifications to account for this possibility and require one or the other, but in practice, few, if any, actually do. This behavior is not specified by any RFC and has been rejected by the W3C. The 13th edition of ECMA still includes an escape function that uses this syntax, which applies UTF-8 encoding to a string, then percent-escapes the resulting bytes.

When data that has been entered into HTML forms is submitted, the form field names and values are encoded and sent to the server in an HTTP request message using method GET or POST , or, historically, via email. In addition, the CGI specification contains rules for how web servers decode data of this type and make it available to applications.

When HTML form data is sent in an HTTP GET request, it is included in the query component of the request URI using the same syntax described above.

The following specifications all discuss and define reserved characters, unreserved characters, and percent-encoding, in some form or other:.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Method of encoding characters in a URI. For the urlencode in MediaWiki, see Help:Magic words. For links within Wikipedia needing percent-encoding, see Help:URL § Fixing links with unsupported characters.

Main article: Internationalized Resource Identifier. Ecma International. Various web browsers implemented it by invoking a separate email program or using their own rudimentary SMTP capabilities. Although sometimes unreliable, it was briefly popular as a simple way to transmit form data without involving a web server or CGI scripts. June IETF Tools.

Retrieved 29 June Categories : URI schemes Internet Standards Binary-to-text encoding formats. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata.

Percent-encoding , also known as URL encoding , is a method to encode arbitrary data in a Uniform Resource Identifier URI using only the limited US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as URL encoding , it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier URI set, which includes both Uniform Resource Locator URL and Uniform Resource Name URN.

The characters allowed in a URI are either reserved or unreserved or a percent character as part of a percent-encoding. Reserved characters are those characters that sometimes have special meaning.

For example, forward slash characters are used to separate different parts of a URL or more generally, a URI. Unreserved characters have no such meanings. Using percent-encoding, reserved characters are represented using special character sequences. The sets of reserved and unreserved characters and the circumstances under which certain reserved characters have special meaning have changed slightly with each revision of specifications that govern URIs and URI schemes.

When a character from the reserved set a "reserved character" has a special meaning a "reserved purpose" in a certain context, and a URI scheme says that it is necessary to use that character for some other purpose, then the character must be percent-encoded.

Percent-encoding a reserved character involves converting the character to its corresponding byte value in ASCII and then representing that value as a pair of hexadecimal digits if there is a single hex digit, a leading zero are added. For a non-ASCII character, it is typically converted to its byte sequence in UTF-8 , and then each byte value is represented as above.

Reserved characters that have no reserved purpose in a particular context may also be percent-encoded but are not semantically different from those that are not.

In the " query " component of a URI the part after a? The character does not need to be percent-encoded when it has no reserved purpose. URIs that differ only by whether a reserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are normally considered not equivalent denoting the same resource unless it can be determined that the reserved characters in question have no reserved purpose.

This determination is dependent upon the rules established for reserved characters by individual URI schemes. URIs that differ only by whether an unreserved character is percent-encoded or appears literally are equivalent by definition, but URI processors, in practice, may not always recognize this equivalence.

For maximal interoperability, URI producers are discouraged from percent-encoding unreserved characters. Most URI schemes involve the representation of arbitrary data, such as an IP address or file system path, as components of a URI.

URI scheme specifications should, but often don't, provide an explicit mapping between URI characters and all possible data values being represented by those characters. Since the publication of RFC in it has been specified that schemes that provide for the representation of binary data in a URI must divide the data into 8-bit bytes and percent-encode each byte in the same manner as above.

The use of unencoded characters for alphanumeric and other unreserved characters is typically preferred, as it results in shorter URLs.

The procedure for percent-encoding binary data has often been extrapolated, sometimes inappropriately or without being fully specified, to apply to character-based data.

In the World Wide Web 's formative years, when dealing with data characters in the ASCII repertoire and using their corresponding bytes in ASCII as the basis for determining percent-encoded sequences, this practice was relatively harmless; it was just assumed that characters and bytes mapped one-to-one and were interchangeable.

The need to represent characters outside the ASCII range, however, grew quickly, and URI schemes and protocols often failed to provide standard rules for preparing character data for inclusion in a URI.

Web applications consequently began using different multi-byte, stateful , and other non-ASCII-compatible encodings as the basis for percent-encoding, leading to ambiguities and difficulty interpreting URIs reliably. For example, many URI schemes and protocols based on RFCs and presume that the data characters will be converted to bytes according to some unspecified character encoding before being represented in a URI by unreserved characters or percent-encoded bytes.

If the scheme does not allow the URI to provide a hint as to what encoding was used, or if the encoding conflicts with the use of ASCII to percent-encode reserved and unreserved characters, then the URI cannot be reliably interpreted. Some schemes fail to account for encoding at all and instead just suggest that data characters map directly to URI characters, which leaves it up to implementations to decide whether and how to percent-encode data characters that are in neither the reserved nor unreserved sets.

Arbitrary character data is sometimes percent-encoded and used in non-URI situations, such as for password-obfuscation programs or other system-specific translation protocols. The generic URI syntax recommends that new URI schemes that provide for the representation of character data in a URI should, in effect, represent characters from the unreserved set without translation and should convert all other characters to bytes according to UTF-8 , and then percent-encode those values.

This suggestion was introduced in January with the publication of RFC URI schemes introduced before this date are not affected. Not addressed by the current specification is what to do with encoded character data. For example, in computers, character data manifests in encoded form, at some level, and thus could be treated as either binary or character data when being mapped to URI characters.

Presumably, it is up to the URI scheme specifications to account for this possibility and require one or the other, but in practice, few, if any, actually do. This behavior is not specified by any RFC and has been rejected by the W3C. The 13th edition of ECMA still includes an escape function that uses this syntax, which applies UTF-8 encoding to a string, then percent-escapes the resulting bytes.

When data that has been entered into HTML forms is submitted, the form field names and values are encoded and sent to the server in an HTTP request message using method GET or POST , or, historically, via email. In addition, the CGI specification contains rules for how web servers decode data of this type and make it available to applications.

When HTML form data is sent in an HTTP GET request, it is included in the query component of the request URI using the same syntax described above. The following specifications all discuss and define reserved characters, unreserved characters, and percent-encoding, in some form or other:.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Method of encoding characters in a URI. For the urlencode in MediaWiki, see Help:Magic words. For links within Wikipedia needing percent-encoding, see Help:URL § Fixing links with unsupported characters. Main article: Internationalized Resource Identifier. Ecma International. Various web browsers implemented it by invoking a separate email program or using their own rudimentary SMTP capabilities. Although sometimes unreliable, it was briefly popular as a simple way to transmit form data without involving a web server or CGI scripts.

June IETF Tools. Retrieved 29 June Categories : URI schemes Internet Standards Binary-to-text encoding formats. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata. Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in.

Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item.

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