This results in parts of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Temperatures at the core—mantle boundary can reach over °C °F. Geothermal heating , using water from hot springs , for example, has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times. More recently geothermal power , the term used for generation of electricity from geothermal energy, has gained in importance. It is estimated that the earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, although only a very small fraction is currently being profitably exploited, often in areas near tectonic plate boundaries.

In , the U. In , 13, megawatts MW of geothermal power was available worldwide. Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, plate boundary movement and interest rates.

Pilot programs like EWEB's customer opt in Green Power Program [8] show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal. About thousand people are employed in the industry. Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times. In the first century CE, Romans conquered Aquae Sulis , now Bath, Somerset , England, and used the hot springs there to feed public baths and underfloor heating.

The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues , France, has been operating since the 15th century. In , America's first district heating system in Boise, Idaho was powered directly by geothermal energy, and was copied in Klamath Falls, Oregon in The first known building in the world to utilize geothermal energy as its primary heat source was the Hot Lake Hotel in Union County, Oregon , whose construction was completed in Steam and hot water from geysers began heating homes in Iceland starting in In the 20th century, demand for electricity led to the consideration of geothermal power as a generating source.

Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July , at the same Larderello dry steam field where geothermal acid extraction [ clarification needed ] began. It successfully lit four light bulbs. It was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until New Zealand built a plant in In , it produced some megawatts.

In , Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the United States at The Geysers in California.

The binary cycle power plant was first demonstrated in in the USSR and later introduced to the US in In , a binary cycle plant in Chena Hot Springs, Alaska , came on-line, producing electricity from a record low fluid temperature of 57 °C °F.

In Quaise Energy announced the idea of using a gyrotron as a boring machine to drill a hole 20 kilometers in depth and use it to produce geothermal energy. The technique would use frequencies of 30 to GHz and would transfer energy to a rock 10 12 1 trillion times more efficiently than using a laser.

Lasers would further be disrupted by the vaporized rock, which would effect the longer-wavelength much less. The Earth's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 m 33 ft is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter.

Outside of the seasonal variations, the geothermal gradient of temperatures through the crust is 25—30 °C 45—54 °F per km of depth in most of the world. The conductive heat flux averages 0. These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner. They may be further augmented by fluid circulation, either through magma conduits , hot springs , hydrothermal circulation or a combination of these.

The thermal efficiency and profitability of electricity generation is particularly sensitive to temperature. The most demanding applications receive the greatest benefit from a high natural heat flux, ideally from using a hot spring.

The next best option is to drill a well into a hot aquifer. If no adequate aquifer is available, an artificial one may be built by injecting water to hydraulically fracture the bedrock. This last approach is called hot dry rock geothermal energy in Europe, or enhanced geothermal systems in North America. Much greater potential may be available from this approach than from conventional tapping of natural aquifers.

Estimates of the potential for electricity generation from geothermal energy vary sixfold, from 0. Geothermal power is electrical power generated from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations.

Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries, [25] [26] while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries. As of , worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to Geothermal power is considered to be a sustainable , renewable source of energy because the heat extraction is small compared with the Earth's heat content. Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built exclusively on the edges of tectonic plates where high-temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface.

The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range.

Other demonstration projects are under construction in Australia , the United Kingdom , and the United States of America. Geothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal energy for some heating applications.

Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of PJ of geothermal heating in As of , 28 GW of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0. Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface.

In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat, below 6 metres 20 ft the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the Mean Annual Air Temperature [38] and it may be extracted with a ground source heat pump.

Geothermal energy comes in either vapor-dominated or liquid-dominated forms. Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from to °C that produce superheated steam. Liquid-dominated reservoirs LDRs are more common with temperatures greater than °C °F and are found near young volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean and in rift zones and hot spots.

Flash plants are the common way to generate electricity from these sources. Pumps are generally not required, powered instead when the water turns to steam. Most wells generate 2—10 MW of electricity. As of , the largest liquid system is Cerro Prieto in Mexico, which generates MW of electricity from temperatures reaching °C °F. The Salton Sea field in Southern California offers the potential of generating MW of electricity.

Lower-temperature LDRs — °C require pumping. They are common in extensional terrains, where heating takes place via deep circulation along faults, such as in the Western US and Turkey. Water passes through a heat exchanger in a Rankine cycle binary plant. The water vaporizes an organic working fluid that drives a turbine. These binary plants originated in the Soviet Union in the late s and predominate in new US plants. Binary plants have no emissions. Enhanced geothermal systems EGS actively inject water into wells to be heated and pumped back out.

The water is injected under high pressure to expand existing rock fissures to enable the water to freely flow in and out. The technique was adapted from oil and gas extraction techniques. However, the geologic formations are deeper and no toxic chemicals are used, reducing the possibility of environmental damage. Drillers can employ directional drilling to expand the size of the reservoir. Small-scale EGS have been installed in the Rhine Graben at Soultz-sous-Forêts in France and at Landau and Insheim in Germany.

Geothermal power requires no fuel except for pumps , and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations. However, capital costs are significant. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks.

A typical well doublet extraction and injection wells in Nevada can support 4. As noted above, drilling cost is a major component of a geothermal power plant's budget and is one of the key barriers to wider development of geothermal resources. A power plant must have production wells to bring the hot fluid steam or hot water to the surface and must also have injection wells to pump the liquid back into the reservoir after it has passed through the power plant.

Drilling geothermal wells is more expensive than drilling oil and gas wells of comparable depth for several reasons:. php请求里面获取的c第三个参数是js的crc版本数据校验值 是从get. Ws和Wss的区别相当于http和https的区别，如果你想写一个聊天页面，需要频繁请求后台接口 还需要设置间隔时间（每隔1s发送一个请求） 才能拿到后台服务器的数据，因为http是轮询方式，只有请求完成后，才能拿到结果，只有客户端能发请求，所以说 要轮询。缺点就是占用服务器的性能？更好的方案就是websocket，它是浏览器实现的。浏览器在底层升级http协议，从http协议升级到websocket只需要添加几个头部信息就可以完成升级。. HTML5 的 canvas 元素使用 JavaScript 在网页上绘制图像。画布是一个矩形区域，您可以控制其每一像素。就是位图操作，可以理解为一个画图工具。可以任意对每个像素点进行任意操作之前讲解有一种断点类型叫做 事件监听断点，里面可以对canvas进行监听CanvasCreate canvas context 创建事件都选创建事件断点后，再刷页面断在这个地方：这里的代码用了流程平坦化打乱了最后的最后。.

将你的预期值和实际值进行比较，如果不一样，就是这种debugger 只能通过浏览器调用的堆栈区分出正确的逻辑。通过将editbreakpoint设置为false 可以禁用这个调试。通过hook方式，将运行的函数设为空就可以跳过debugger了。最好的方式就是不要被识别出来调试，可以通过下hook解决。非虚拟机的方式不会跳转 到一个vm的页面。在eval里面运行debugger. 我们的目的为了让js代码运行起来。可以不需要解密，将代码扣出来运行就可以。任何一个js类型的变量结果 加上一个字符串 ，只会变成字符串。所以这个调试起来很麻烦 只能单步调试 还是用解密工具解密。通过这种特性 可以组合成各种各样的加密方式。这个的原理就是将各种字符串加起来。2个值通过 运算会变成0或者1.

js默认 支持Unicode的。所以支持所有的国家语种。有没有哪些国家的和O很像但不是O,和0很像但不是0,和p很像但不是p所以可以用这个相近的符号进行代码混淆。. 能修改输出js运行当中的一些变量的值能下断点批量监听一些变量值当渲染时，样式发生改变，会触发DOM断点它一般在 用户触发了某个事件 时，段下来。执行的比较考前，距离加密函数比较远。所以无法根据栈去快速定位。它的优点时定位的比较准。清空Dom断点最后的最后由本人水平所限，难免有错误以及不足之处， 屏幕前的靓仔靓女们 如有发现，恳请指出！你轻轻地点了个赞，那将在我的心里世界增添一颗明亮而耀眼的星！.

通过本地运行js代码那 实现脱离浏览器后 能够实现和浏览器上运行加密js的效果。网站上完全都是JavaScript实现的加密，我们的目的要知道加密的整个过程，并且实现这个加密的过程，拿到和浏览器一样的加密的结果。得到加密的结果之后就可以跳过浏览器，本地直接给服务器发送加密数据，从而直接获取服务器响应的结果。. 页面中有很多事件，比如说鼠标按下，滚动条滑动。最后的最后由本人水平所限，难免有错误以及不足之处， 屏幕前的靓仔靓女们 如有发现，恳请指出！你轻轻地点了个赞，那将在我的心里世界增添一颗明亮而耀眼的星！.

日常的web自动化过程中，我们常常用python selenium库来操纵Chrome浏览器实现网页的自动化。这其中有个比较头疼的问题：Chrome的更新频率非常频繁，与之对应的Chromedriver版本也必须相应更新。如果两者版本的主版本号相差超过1，selenium则会报异常. 如何在实体手机上，保证手机能够正常运行uiautomator2，并安装ATX-agent。以小米手机为例子，首先打开 设置-更多设置-开启开发者模式。如果初始化完成后，发现手机并没有安装ATXagent应用。说明设备未认证（unauthorized），此时，当你看到这个，就说明手机安装成功了环境。需要记得，将 USB安装 勾选上。.

TA创建的收藏夹 TA关注的收藏夹. RGB颜色，例如： AFAFAF. 预览 取消 提交. 上一步 保存. 博客 资源 收藏 关注. 只看原创 排序： 按最后发布时间 按访问量 RSS订阅. 原创 Python量化交易实战教程汇总 B站配套视频教程观看设计适合自己并能适应市场的交易策略，才是量化交易的灵魂课程亲手带你设计并实现两种交易策略，快速培养你的策略思维能力择时策略：通过这个策略学会如何利用均线，创建择时策略，优化股票买入卖出的时间点。选股策略：掌握选股策略的核心逻辑，并基于收益率创建动量选股策略，并验证其有效性。手把手带你打造一个易扩展、更安全、效率更高的量化交易系统第三方平台大而全，不易扩展，效率还差，信息安全也是大问题，打造自己的交易平台才是更优解所有文章目录Python量化交易实战双均线策略股 原创 Js逆向教程AST Babel插件最简单修改值示例 最后的最后由本人水平所限，难免有错误以及不足之处， 屏幕前的靓仔靓女们 如有发现，恳请指出！你轻轻地点了个赞，那将在我的心里世界增添一颗明亮而耀眼的星！ 原创 Js逆向教程vscode无环境联调 最后的最后由本人水平所限，难免有错误以及不足之处， 屏幕前的靓仔靓女们 如有发现，恳请指出！你轻轻地点了个赞，那将在我的心里世界增添一颗明亮而耀眼的星！ 原创 Js逆向教程Hook基础 Hook就是在这些流程任意环节插入自己的代码，让浏览器先执行自己的代码 然后再执行原本网站的hook在以下流程中可以做的事情：hook在以下流程中可以做的事情上下文:表示一个环境（js上下文就是v8引擎，浏览器是不同的页签就是不同的上下文，js中的eval还是在一个上下文。只是虚拟机、）作用域:控制变量所生效的位置。作用域是更小的一个级别 处于上下文中结果如下：解释器是如何处理这段代码：首先解释器知道var xuhss在内存中声明了一个全局变量数组保存了xuhss，以后用的话，就到这个数组中找。如果数 php请求 原创 Js逆向教程websocket介绍 Ws和Wss的区别相当于http和https的区别，如果你想写一个聊天页面，需要频繁请求后台接口 还需要设置间隔时间（每隔1s发送一个请求） 才能拿到后台服务器的数据，因为http是轮询方式，只有请求完成后，才能拿到结果，只有客户端能发请求，所以说 要轮询。缺点就是占用服务器的性能？更好的方案就是websocket，它是浏览器实现的。浏览器在底层升级http协议，从http协议升级到websocket只需要添加几个头部信息就可以完成升级。 1.

原创 Js逆向教程极验滑块 实现加密算法的逻辑 还是和上节课一样，针对这个网址。 原创 Js逆向教程极验滑块 找到w加密位置 最后的最后由本人水平所限，难免有错误以及不足之处， 屏幕前的靓仔靓女们 如有发现，恳请指出！你轻轻地点了个赞，那将在我的心里世界增添一颗明亮而耀眼的星！ 原创 Js逆向教程滑块流程 极验 HTML5 的 canvas 元素使用 JavaScript 在网页上绘制图像。画布是一个矩形区域，您可以控制其每一像素。就是位图操作，可以理解为一个画图工具。可以任意对每个像素点进行任意操作之前讲解有一种断点类型叫做 事件监听断点，里面可以对canvas进行监听CanvasCreate canvas context 创建事件都选创建事件断点后，再刷页面断在这个地方：这里的代码用了流程平坦化打乱了最后的最后。 原创 Js逆向教程反调试 将你的预期值和实际值进行比较，如果不一样，就是这种debugger 只能通过浏览器调用的堆栈区分出正确的逻辑。通过将editbreakpoint设置为false 可以禁用这个调试。通过hook方式，将运行的函数设为空就可以跳过debugger了。最好的方式就是不要被识别出来调试，可以通过下hook解决。非虚拟机的方式不会跳转 到一个vm的页面。在eval里面运行debugger.

原创 Js逆向教程FuckJs 我们的目的为了让js代码运行起来。可以不需要解密，将代码扣出来运行就可以。任何一个js类型的变量结果 加上一个字符串 ，只会变成字符串。所以这个调试起来很麻烦 只能单步调试 还是用解密工具解密。通过这种特性 可以组合成各种各样的加密方式。这个的原理就是将各种字符串加起来。2个值通过 运算会变成0或者1. jsfuck有对应的解密工具及。我们这里只是讲解js的混淆机制。可以看到只有这3种字符。 原创 Js逆向教程常见混淆AA和JJ js默认 支持Unicode的。所以支持所有的国家语种。有没有哪些国家的和O很像但不是O,和0很像但不是0,和p很像但不是p所以可以用这个相近的符号进行代码混淆。 The residents of San Bernardino County, California, voted to begin researching options to secede from the state due to rising crime and soaring costs of living.

The White House has repeated its assurances that the US government is preparing for the rollback of Title 42 policies expected to spike illegal border crossings. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi wants to see the yearlong spending bill include legislation banning social media giant TikTok from federal government devices. Fox News host Lawrence Jones shares 'Queen Nala' officially made her way to the big city to test her K-9 training on 'Lawrence Jones Cross Country.

Brevard County, Fla. Former NFL player Jack Brewer says the left is trying to destroy everything God created men to do on 'Unfiltered with Dan Bongino. Former U. Army intelligence analyst Brett Velicovich weighs in on TSA rolling out facial recognition software for travelers in U. airports on 'Unfiltered with Dan Bongino.

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. These classifications are typically based on a person's gender identity. In some countries, such classifications may only be available to intersex people, born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies.

In recent years, some societies have begun to legally recognize non-binary , genderqueer , or third gender identities. Among western nations, Australia may have been the first to recognize a third classification, with Alex MacFarlane , who is intersex, receiving a passport with sex marked as indeterminate in Transgender advocate Norrie May-Welby was recognized as having unspecified status in The Open Society Foundations published a report, License to Be Yourself , in May , documenting "some of the world's most progressive and rights-based laws and policies that enable trans people to change their gender identity on official documents.

The document also quotes Mauro Cabral of Global Action for Trans Equality :. People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. The report concludes that two or three options are insufficient: "A more inclusive approach would be to increase options for people to self-define their sex and gender identity.

Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex male or female but then identify with another later in life, while most do not. According to the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, few countries have provided for the legal recognition of intersex people.

The Asia Pacific Forum states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and thirdly, while opt in schemes may help some individuals, legal recognition is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population.

In March , an Australian and New Zealand community statement called for an end to legal classification of sex, stating that legal third classifications, like binary classifications, were based on structural violence and failed to respect diversity and a "right to self-determination".

It also called for the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions. In and under then president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , Argentina passed its Gender Identity Law Spanish : Ley de identidad de género , which allows transgender people to identify with their chosen gender on official documents without first having to receive hormone therapy , gender reassignment surgery or psychiatric counseling.

In November , two non-binary people from Mendoza Province became the first to obtain an ID and birth certificate without indication of sex. Judge Myriam Cataldi ruled that the Gender Identity Law applied to Bertolini's case, citing the law's definition of "gender identity" as: "the internal and individual experience of gender as each person feels it, which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth, including the personal experience of the body.

The measure applies to non-citizen permanent residents who possess Argentine identity cards as well. After the decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court Bundesverfassungsgericht of 9 November , Austrian media report that a similar case is also pending at the Constitutional Court Verfassungsgerichtshof in Austria. Two lower judicial instances already decided against the possibility of a "third gender".

Each year at least 35 children in Austria are reported to be born with ambiguous sex characteristics. Surgical interventions on intersex children, to make them fit one of the binary sex characteristics, are criticized by Verein Intergeschlechtliche Menschen Österreich VIMÖ , an Austrian association fighting for the rights of intersex people.

They demand that children should be free to decide on these matters when they are grown up. Johannes Wahala, president of the Austrian Society For Sexologies and head of Beratungsstelle Courage advice center in Graz condemns these operations and wishes for the introduction of a third gender. On 15 June , the Austrian Constitutional Court reached a decision, published in a news release on 29 June, that Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees recognition of gender identity beyond the binary male or female, and that people with a variation in gender development other than male or female must be allowed to leave a gender entry empty and must be allowed to have a positive other entry implemented.

They also found that current law is not in contradiction to these requirements, and can be interpreted in a way that is conformant to the constitutional right of recognition of gender identity via Article 8 of the ECHR.

The Court ruled that the national interests listed in Article 8. The Court indicate that administrative bodies may require proof of the adequacy of a change to an entry and the relation to a persons actual social life, and that Article 8. They have not decided on a specific name a third gender option should have, but cite recommendations as "divers", "inter", "offen". Options besides male and female are only available for intersex people, who are required to provide medical records to prove their sex.

First reported in January , Australians can choose "X" as their gender or sex. Alex MacFarlane is believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker in Other individuals known to have similar early options include Tony Briffa of Organisation Intersex International Australia and former mayor of City of Hobsons Bay , Victoria , previously acknowledged as the world's first openly intersex public official and mayor.

Government policy between and was to issue passports with an 'X' marker to persons who could "present a birth certificate that notes their sex as indeterminate".

Birth or citizenship certificates do not need to be amended. Australian Commonwealth guidelines on the recognition of sex and gender, published in June , extended the use of an 'X' gender marker to any adult who chooses that option, in all dealings with the Commonwealth government and its agencies.

The option is being introduced over a three-year period. The guidelines also clarify that the federal government collects data on gender , rather than sex. Norrie May-Welby is popularly — but erroneously — often regarded as the first person in the world to obtain officially indeterminate, unspecified or "genderless" status. An alliance of organizations including the National LGBTI Health Alliance , Organisation Intersex International Australia and Transgender Victoria has called for X to be redefined as non-binary.

In April , Tasmania became the first state or territory in Australia to make sex or gender identifiers in birth certificates optional and providing for official definitions for 'sex' and 'gender' only 'sex' was defined before the reforms.

Children born with ambiguous genitalia are given an additional 60 days to choose a sex for registration. The child's sex will be displayed on the birth certificate only if the parents choose to opt-in. The same reforms also allowed persons over the age of 16 to change their gender identity on official documentation — without a sex reassignment surgery or hormone replacement therapy — by providing a gender declaration.

In June , the Constitutional Court of Belgium struck down certain parts of the country's transgender law. The proceedings against the law were initiated by LGBT rights organizations , who argued that the law still discriminated against people with a non-binary or genderfluid identity, because it still only allowed people to register as either "male" or "female".

The Constitutional Court agreed with the action brought against the law, and found the contested provisions to be discriminatory and therefore unconstitutional. Though the Court suggested a few ways in which to remedy the unconstitutional aspects, such as "the creation of one or more additional categories" or "the possibility to remove the registration of sex or gender as an element of a person's civil status ", it also stressed that the responsibility to remediate the law's shortcomings remained with the legislature.

The De Croo Government , Belgium's federal government which took office in October , announced plans to introduce the possibility to register under the gender identifier "X", in order to address the judgment of the Constitutional Court.

This was expressed by the new minister of Justice in the De Croo Government, Vincent Van Quickenborne , in November The law will be effective in There is no recognition of a third gender option nationwide, but since non-binary people have been getting court authorizations to register their sex as "unspecified", "non-identified" or "non-binary" in the civil registry and since , for purposes of filling out the identity card, the sex field must follow the ICAO standard, with 1 character, M, F or X.

While requesting a new passport , Brazilians are able to select an unspecified sex, however it is not known since when there's this option. Since 12 September , by decision of the National Justice Council , notaries must register intersex children with the sex ignored on birth certificates.

The state of Rio de Janeiro , thanks to the work of the State Public Defender's Office, has been allowing non-binary people to register their birth certificates and identity cards with the "non-binary" gender in gender-neutral language. On April 22, , Rio Grande do Sul Justice assured non-binary people to change their first name and sex in their birth record, according to their self-perceived identity, regardless of judicial authorization, allowing include the expression "non-binary" in the sex field upon a request made by the interested party to a notary's office.

In June , the government of the province of Ontario announced changes to the way gender will be displayed on health cards and driver's licenses. Starting June 13, the Ontario health card no longer displays a sex designation. In early , Ontario drivers will have the option to display "X" as a gender identifier on their driver's licenses. In April , a baby born in British Columbia , Searyl Atli Doty, became the first in the world known to be issued a health card with a gender-neutral "U" sex marker.

The parent, Kori Doty, who is non-binary transgender , wanted to give the child the opportunity to discover their own gender identity. In July , the Northwest Territories began allowing "X" as a non-binary option on birth certificates. On August 31, , the federal government began allowing an observation to be added to passports requesting that the holder's gender should be read as "X", indicating that it is unspecified, though a gender of "M" or "F" had to be added as a gender for an undefined period to comply with legal requirements of other countries.

A ruling of the Third Family Court of Santiago, issued on April 25, , ordered the Civil Registry and Identification Service to register a year-old adolescent with non-binary gender on the birth certificate, being the first judicial resolution of its kind in the country.

In July , the Thirteenth Chamber of the Santiago Court of Appeals had ruled in favor of the request to rectify the birth certificate to recognize non-binary gender identity.

In February , the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that a non-binary person was entitled to a birth certificate from the Ninth Notary of Medellín and citizen's identity card from the National Civil Registry with the marker "no binario" or "NB" in the sex field on both. The court also ordered the Colombian government to facilitate the inclusion of such a marker on identity documents and ordered the Congress to amend laws as needed to facilitate legal recognition of non-binary individuals' rights.

According to comment by Transgender Europe, Danish citizens including Greenlandic- and Faroese nationals have been issued passport with option 'X' upon application, without medical requirements.

Accordingly, legal gender remains binary in Denmark including Greenland and the Faroe Islands and only transsexual people without a legal gender change can obtain an X marker in their passport. Germany is thought to be the first European country that recognizes "indeterminate" sex on birth certificates, which is materialized by the absence of any gender marker, from November A report by the German Ethics Council stated that the law was passed because "Many people who were subjected to a 'normalizing' operation in their childhood have later felt it to have been a mutilation and would never have agreed to it as adults.

The court held at the same time that even an adult intersex person who was registered with a gender marker at birth can obtain the deletion of that gender marker.

This judgment was sent for review by the Federal Court of Justice. On 8 November , the Federal Constitutional Court released a press statement about its ruling from 10 October , which is in favour of a positive third gender option instead of no entry. In case of a change later in life, first names can also be changed. In the meantime, an appeals court had held that a nonbinary status must also be open to non-intersex non-binary people; the adopted act does not address this category of people and their situation therefore first remained unclear pending additional case-law.

In June , the Icelandic Parliament voted 45—0 on a bill to implement a progressive "self-determination gender change model law", similar to numerous European and South American countries. The bill includes a third gender option known as "X" on official documents.

The Hijra of India are probably the most well known and populous third sex type in the modern world — Mumbai -based community health organization The Humsafar Trust estimates there are between 5 and 6 million hijras in India. Often somewhat misleadingly called eunuchs in English, they may be born intersex or apparently male , dress in feminine clothes and generally see themselves as neither men nor women. Only eight percent of hijras visiting Humsafar clinics are nirwaan castrated.

Indian photographer Dayanita Singh writes about her friendship with a Hijra, Mona Ahmed, and their two different societies' beliefs about gender: "When I once asked her if she would like to go to Singapore for a sex change operation , she told me, 'You really do not understand. I am the third sex, not a man trying to be a woman. It is your society's problem that you only recognize two sexes. In November , India agreed to list eunuchs and transgender people as "others", distinct from males and females, in voting rolls and voter identity cards.

In addition to the feminine role of hijras, which is widespread across the subcontinent, a few occurrences of institutionalized "female masculinity" have been noted in modern India.

Among the Gaddhi in the foothills of the Himalayas, some girls adopt a role as a sadhin , renouncing marriage, and dressing and working as men, but retaining female names and pronouns. In April , Justice KS Radhakrishnan, of Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be the third gender in Indian law, in a case brought by the National Legal Services Authority Nalsa against Union of India and others.

Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex.

Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres, hospitals, they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.

Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education. In May , Leonne Zeegers was the first Dutch citizen to receive the "X" marked gender on the passport instead of "male" or "female" see photo of the person's passport here.

Leonne, then 57, was born intersex and raised male, before having gender reassignment surgery and become female, but still identifies as an intersex person. Leonne won a court case which meant that preventing someone from registering officially as gender neutral is a "violation of private life, self-determination and personal autonomy".

It will, however, still be the decision of the court on whether the "X" will be issued on anyone's passport in the future. The ruling opened doors for Dutch LGBT groups to ask the government for anyone to be able to identify as gender neutral in the future. More recent material indicates that this third option is not available to intersex persons. Birth certificates are available at birth showing "indeterminate" sex if it is not possible to assign a sex.

New York Daily News. Subsidence has occurred in the Wairakei field in New Zealand. This judgment was sent for review by the Federal Court of Justice. Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries climate change law management Forests genetic resources law management non-timber products Game law Marine conservation Meadow Plants FAO Plant Treaty food genetic resources gene banks herbal medicines UPOV Convention wood Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management. In April , Justice KS Radhakrishnan, of Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be the third gender in Indian law, in a case brought by the National Legal Services Authority Nalsa against Union of India and others.

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